13. Set Operators Reference

Set intersections and combinations.

UNION

Return: Value

Unique combination of row sets.

Syntax signature:query1 UNION query2;

Code snippet:

python

SELECT country FROM clients UNION SELECT country FROM partners;

Expected Output:Unique list of countries.

Remember: Always ensure correct syntax formatting when calling UNION.

UNION ALL

Return: Value

Combination including duplicates.

Syntax signature:query1 UNION ALL query2;

Code snippet:

python

SELECT country FROM clients UNION ALL SELECT country FROM partners;

Expected Output:All countries list.

Remember: Always ensure correct syntax formatting when calling UNION ALL.

INTERSECT

Return: Value

Overlapping observations in both sets.

Syntax signature:query1 INTERSECT query2;

Code snippet:

python

SELECT country FROM clients INTERSECT SELECT country FROM partners;

Expected Output:Countries present in both lists.

Remember: Always ensure correct syntax formatting when calling INTERSECT.

EXCEPT

Return: Value

Exclude elements overlapping set.

Syntax signature:query1 EXCEPT query2;

Code snippet:

python

SELECT country FROM clients EXCEPT SELECT country FROM partners;

Expected Output:Client countries not in partner list.

Remember: Always ensure correct syntax formatting when calling EXCEPT.